[Assessment of aerobic training with selenium nanoparticles supplementation effects on cytokines levels of liver tissue in 4T1 breast cancer mice]

Introduction: The liver is known as a tissue highly sensitive to immunological changes such as cytokines activity. It has been shown that using selenium nanoparticle supplementation and exercise training separately can effectively decrease tumor volume and improve immune responses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic interval training and supplementation of selenium nanoparticles on protein expression of cytokines in liver tissue in mice with breast cancer

Materials and Methods: Sixty-four Balbc mice were divided into eight groups. Experimental groups received aerobic interval training and selenium nanoparticles supplementation orally for 6 weeks, before and after cancer induction. At the end of the sixth week, after tumor injection, proteins levels of IL-6, IL-4, TNF-alpha and INF-gamma were measured in liver tissue by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] method

Results: Results of the current study showed that IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-4 protein levels decreased in liver tissue of the breast cancer tumor [P<0.05]. Aerobic interval training caused significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha protein levels in liver tissue [P<0.05]. Increase in INF-gamma cytokine levels in liver tissue was also observed, following selenium nanoparticle supplementation [P<0.05]. Results also showed that tumor volume decreased following exercise training and administration of selenium nanoparticles administration

Conclusion: Cytokines changes in liver tissue occurred in conjunction with decrease in tumor volume. It is possible that simultaneously using selenium nanoparticles and exercise training with immune system reinforcement could help in reducing tumor volume and modulating cytokine levels in liver

[Effect of concurrent, strength and endurance training on hormones, lipids and inflammatory characteristics of untrained men]

Introduction: Concurrent training or the simultaneous performance of several types of exercise [strength and endurance training], has more positive effects on body composition and cardiovascular system, than training with either mode alone The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different training regimes [endurance, resistance and concurrent] on the hormone [cortisol and testosterone], lipid [LDL, HDL, TG, TC], and inflammatory [TNF-alpha] indexes of previously untrained subjects

Materials and Methods: Twenty nine sedentary men students [age 24.89 +/- 1.21yrs, height 175.87 +/- 6.52 cm, weight 68.44 +/- 5.50 kg] were randomly divided into the Endurance [E; n=10], Strength [S; n=9], and the Concurrent[C; n=10] groups. The training programs were performed for 10 weeks, 3 times per week in the three groups

Results: Body mass decreased in E group. Significant increases in squat and bench press exercises 1RM occurred after training in the S and C groups [P

Conclusion: Our results indicate that strenght training leads to increase in the plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine [TNF-alpha] and cortisol in untrained men, immunomodulatory effects which may be related to the training load of the S training program. It appears that combining the E and S training [concurrent training], neutralized the single effects of this these training types. Concurrent training can also be used for normalization of lipid profiles

[Exercise induced release of cytokines from skeletal muscle: emphasis on IL-6]

Cytokines are a group of proteins that play a central role in mediating inflammatory responses to pathological stimuli such as infection and tissue damage. However, cytokine production is also modulated by a range of physiological stimuli such as exercise. Skeletal muscle has recently been identified as an endocrine organ. It has been suggested that cytokines or other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers should be classified as "myokines". These myokines exert paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects. IL-6 was discovered as a myokine because of the observation that it increases up to 100-fold in the circulation during physical exercise. Because of its metabolic roles, IL-6 production by skeletal muscle during physical activity created a paradox. As IL-6 is markedly produced and released in the postexercise period when insulin action is enhanced whereas, on the other hand, IL-6 has also been associated with obesity and reduced insulin action. Also, muscle mass and its function are influenced by different cytokines, in particular by IL-6, IL-15 and TNF-alpha more prominently during exercise. This review focuses on the myokines, their regulation by exercise and their roles in immune and metabolism, considering the effects of cytokines on muscle mass and function

effects of active recovery on serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CK concentrations after eccentric strenuous exercise in active female

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of active recovery [AR] vs passive recovery [PR] on serum levels of interleukin 6 [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Creatine Kinase [CK] after eccentric strenuous exercise. Twenty-eight female students of physical education participated in this study, age [23.8 +/- 1.99] years, height 164.0315.61 cm, weight 58.21 [8.23] kg and fat percent 27.18 [4.86]]. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups and completed a set of strenuous workouts, including a 30 min of treadmill downhill running [-5% grade] at 80-85% of Maximal Heart Rate [MHR], followed by AR for 15 min at 50-60% of MHR, or complete rest in the seated position [PR]. Blood samples were collected pre- and post exercise, and after recovery in order to measure the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CK. Both the AR and PR groups showed increase in the levels of serum cytokines after exercise and recovery, except IL-10 that decreased after exercise. IL-6 levels after recovery were higher in AR. Also, there were significant differences between the two groups after recovery in IL-8 and IL-10. The results show no significant differences in the levels of IL-6 in either group. It also seems that the post exercise increase in the levels of circulating cytokines is not due to the muscle damage, in spite of the increase in CK indicating that the increase of cytokines after AR is probably because of their anti-inflammatory effects